Optimization of Open-Access Optical and Radar Satellite Data in Google Earth Engine for Oil Palm Mapping in the Muda River Basin, Malaysia

Continuous oil palm distribution maps are essential for effective agricultural planning and management. Due to the significant cloud cover issue in tropical regions, identification of from other crops using only optical satellites is difficult. Based on Google Earth Engine (GEE), this study aims evaluate best combination open-source microwave satellite data mapping by utilizing C-band Sentinel-1, L-band PALSAR-2, Landsat 8, Sentinel-2, topographic images, with Muda River Basin (MRB) as test site. The results show that land use generated combined images have accuracies 95 97%; goes Sentinel-1 Sentinel-2 overall classification. Meanwhile, classification C5 (PALSAR-2 + 8), highest producer accuracy (96%) consumer (100%) values. radar can improve palm, but compared area was underestimated. had increased 2015 2020, ranging 10% 60% across all combinations. This shows selection optimal important mapping.